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Title/Year/Type/ SOUND AS SPATIAL HYPERTEXT IN FPS GAMES
2025
 Research
CITIES OF INTERACTION
 2025 Research ELEMENTS AND PATTERNS OF VIRTUAL CONTESTED SPACE        
 2024 Research CANADIAN MUSEUM OF ARCHITECTURE
 2022 Exhibit SEVEN LEVELS TO A NEW PERCEPTION 2021 Research CENTER FOR CONVERSATION
 2020 Design WATERMARK 2019 Design THE RIBBON 2019 Design PLAY! 2019 Design YORK STUDENT RESIDENCE
2019 Design BARBICAN #case study 2019 Drawing GRAND RIVER #case study 2018 Object P.O.D.S  2018 Render FLOATING CABIN 2018 Render LINWOOD 2018 Render REIMS CATHEDRAL #case study 2017 Drawing

ELEMENTS AND PATTERNS OF VIRTUAL CONTESTED SPACE: Understanding the Spatial Anatomy of Competitive Multiplayer First-Person Shooter Video Game Maps


2024 / Master’s of Architecture thesis

Sound in multiplayer first-person shooter (FPS) video games operates as spatial hypertext—a networked system of cues that players interpret to orient themselves, anticipate encounters, and make spatial decisions. Far from being a mere supplement to visuals, sound functions as a material layer of game architecture, shaping how virtual space is perceived and navigated. Drawing on architectural theory, hypertext models, and examples ranging from Space Invaders to Valorant and CS:GO, the discussion traces how sound evolves from ambient backdrop to a dynamic spatial grammar. Directional audio, reverberation, and avatar-specific cues offer players real-time information about scale, distance, materiality, and enemy location—often before visual confirmation is possible. As players move through game environments, they become readers of sonic terrain, responding to layered acoustic signals much like hyperlinks in a non-linear text. This auditory engagement not only enriches gameplay but also reveals how digital soundscapes construct spatial meaning in interactive environments beyond gaming.

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